|
|
| Ruthenium | |
| Electron Configuration | 2,8,18,15,1 |
| Electron Configuration | [Kr] 4d7 5s1 |
| Ground state | 5F5 |
| Atomic Volume | 8.3 g/cm3 |
| Electronegativity | 2.2 |
| Magnetic ordering | No data |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility | 5.4 x 10-9 |
| Molar magnetic susceptibility | 5.46 x 10-10 |
| Speed of sound | 5970 m s-1 |
 Thermal Properties |
|
| Enthalpy of Atomization | 603 kJ mol-1 @25°C |
| Enthalpy of Fusion | 23.7 kJ mol-1 |
| Enthalpy of Vaporisation | 567 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat Capacity | 24.06 J mol-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Conductivity | 117 W m-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Expansion | 6.4 μm m-1 K-1 |
| Hardness |
|
| Brinell hardness | 2160 MPa |
| Mohs hardness | 6.5 |
| Elastic Properties |
|
| Bulk modulus | 220 GPa |
| Poisson ratio | 0.30 |
| Shear modulus | 173 GPa |
| Young's modulus | 447 GPa |
| Electrical Properties |
|
| Electrical resistivity | 7.1 x 10-8 Ω m |
| Electrical conductivity | No data. |
| Chemical Properties |
|
| Electrochemical Equivalent | 1.257 g Ah-1 |
| Electron Work Function | 4.71 eV |
| Valence Electron Potential (-eV) | 64 |
| Ionization Potential | |
 First
|
7.37 |
| Second
|
16.76 |
| Third
|
28.47 |
| Energy Levels |
|
| Kα1 (intensity 100) |
19.2792 KeV |
| Kα2 (intensity 50) |
19.1504 KeV |
| Kβ1 (intensity 17.6) |
21.6568 KeV |
| Kβ2 (intensity 4) |
22.0704 KeV |
| Kβ3 (intensity 8.1) |
21.631 KeV |
| Lα1 (intensity 100) |
2.55855 KeV |
| Lα2 (intensity 10) |
2.55431 KeV |
| Lβ1 (intensity 45) |
2.68323 KeV |
| Lβ2 (intensity 7) |
2.836 KeV |
| Lβ3 (intensity 5.5) |
2.762 KeV |
| Lβ4 (intensity 5) |
2.741 KeV |
| Lγ1 (intensity 1.5) |
2.9645 KeV |
| Lγ3 (intensity 2) |
2.382 KeV |
| Ll (intensity 5) |
2.2496 KeV |
| Atomic Radii |
|
| Empirical
|
130 pm |
| Bohr Radius
|
178 pm |
| Covalent Radius
|
126 pm |
| Van der Waals
|
No data. |
| Triple covalent
|
103 pm |
| Metallic
|
134 pm |
| Ionic Radii (Å) |
||||
| Charge | Coordination | Crystal | Ionic | Key |
| 3 | VI | 0.82 | 0.68 | |
| 4 | VI | 0.76 | 0.62 | RM |
| 5 | VI | 0.705 | 0.565 | ER |
| 7 | IV | 0.52 | 0.38 | |
| 8 | IV | 0.5 | 0.36 | |
| R, From r3 vs V plots. |
| C, Calculated from bond length - bond strength equations. |
| E, Estimated. |
| *, Most Reliable. |
| M, From Metallic Oxides. |
| A, Ahrens (1952) Ionic radius. |
| P, Pauling's (1960) Crystal Radius. |
| Oxidation States |
|
| Main
|
Ru+3 |
| Other
|
Ru-2, Ru0, Ru+1, Ru+2, Ru+4, Ru+5, Ru+6, Ru+7, Ru+8 |
Ionisation Energies (kJ mol-1)  |
|
| M - M+ |
711 |
| M+ - M2+ |
1617 |
| M2+ - M3+ |
2747 |
| M3+ - M4+ |
4500 |
| M4+ - M5+ |
6100 |
| M5+ - M6+ |
7800 |
| M6+ - M7+ |
9600 |
| M7+ - M8+ |
11500 |
| M8+ - M9+ |
18700 |
| M9+ - M10+ |
20900 |
| Vapour Pressure |
||||||
| P (Pa) | 1 | 10 | 100 | 1K | 10K | 100K |
| T (K) | 2588 | 2811 | 3087 | 3424 | 3845 | 4388 |
| Crystal Structure |
|
| Structure
|
Hexagonal close packed |
 |
a = 270.59 pm |
| b = 270.59 pm | |
| c = 428.15 pm | |
| α = 90° | |
| β = 90° | |
| γ = 120° | |